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European Wolf: The Iconic Predator of the Forests

The European Wolf (Canis lupus lupus) is the subspecies of gray wolf that inhabits the forests and mountains of Europe. This iconic predator, once heavily persecuted, is now the subject of protection programs as it gradually recolonizes its former territory.

Physical Description of the European Wolf

The European Wolf is a large canid, measuring between 70 and 90 cm at the withers and weighing between 30 and 50 kg (males are larger than females). Its coat is generally gray-brown with lighter shades on the belly, although color variations exist depending on the region. It has a powerful musculature, long legs adapted for running, and a bushy tail.

Classification

The European Wolf (Canis lupus lupus) belongs to the Canidae family. Here is its scientific classification:

Kingdom: Animalia (Animals)
Phylum: Chordata (Chordates)
Class: Mammalia (Mammals)
Order: Carnivora (Carnivores)
Family: Canidae (Canids)
Genus: Canis
Species: Canis lupus
Subspecies: Canis lupus lupus

Habitat

The European Wolf occupies a wide variety of habitats: boreal forests, mountains, plains, and even some semi-desert areas. It is mainly found in Eastern Europe (Poland, Romania, Balkans), the Alps, the Pyrenees, and is gradually recolonizing Western Europe (France, Germany, Belgium). A wolf needs a large territory (200 to 1000 km² depending on available resources).

Behavior and Social Life

Unlike its American cousin, the European Wolf lives in family packs usually consisting of 5 to 8 individuals (an alpha pair and their offspring). The pack hunts and raises the young collectively. Wolves communicate through howling, body postures, and scent marking. They are territorial animals that travel great distances.

Diet

The European Wolf is a strict carnivore that feeds mainly on wild ungulates (deer, roe deer, wild boar, chamois). When these prey are scarce, it may attack livestock, leading to conflicts with farmers. An adult wolf consumes an average of 3 to 5 kg of meat per day.

Conservation

The European Wolf is protected by the Bern Convention and the EU Habitats Directive. After nearly becoming extinct in the 20th century, its populations are slowly recovering (approximately 17,000 individuals in Europe). The main threats are poaching, habitat fragmentation, and conflicts with human activities.

Closest Genetic Relatives

The European Wolf (Canis lupus lupus) shares its common ancestor with other subspecies of wolves and wild canids:

The Iberian Wolf (Canis lupus signatus) - A smaller and lighter-colored subspecies living in the Iberian Peninsula. Recognizable by its dark marks on the legs.
The Raccoon Dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) - Although less genetically close, this canid shares some habitats with the wolf in Eastern Europe.
The Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) - The most common canid in Europe, often competing with the wolf for certain resources.

Tips for Observers

Observing a European Wolf in the wild is extremely rare and difficult, but here are some tips for those who wish to try the experience:

Favor winter: Wolves are more active, and their tracks in the snow make them easier to spot.
Look for signs: Footprints, droppings, remains of prey, or howling can indicate their presence.
Use binoculars: Always keep a safe distance (minimum 300 meters).
Avoid baiting: Never use food to attract wolves, as this can alter their behavior.
Participate in guided outings: Many associations offer observation trips with experienced guides.

The European Wolf, master of the forests and mountains, plays a crucial ecological role in regulating herbivore populations. Its presence is a testament to the health of the ecosystems it inhabits. Although often feared and misunderstood, this fascinating apex predator deserves our respect and protection.